Bibliography
Primary Sources
Douglass, Gomer, Ms. “The WW2 Letters of Private Melvin W. Johnson.” privateletters.net. Last modified 1999. Accessed October 25, 2012. This site provides a collection of letters dedicated in memory by his daughter, written by Private Melvin Johnson over the course of the war to his family. They provide a first hand account of the thinking and actions that Johnson underwent throughout the war.
Dryden, Charles W., Lt. Col. A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997.This book provides first hand accounts of what it was like to be racially segregated, what it was like being a part of the Tuskegee Army Flying School, and what it was like being a part of the 99th Pursuit Squadron in the eyes of Lt. Col. Charles W. Dryden. This will be valuable in understanding what it was like throughout the entire process of being in a specialized unit before, during, and after the war.
Roosevelt, Eleanor, Cecil Peterson, and F.D. Patterson. “The Tuskegee Airmen and President Roosevelt.” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum-the Tuskegee Airmen. Last modified July 9, 2009. Accessed October 25, 2012. This website provides a primary view of letters written between Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Cecil Peterson, a Tuskegee airman, and F.D. Patterson, the President of the Tuskegee Institute. The letters show the support that Eleanor Roosevelt had for the institute, and her strong opposition to segregation within the military.
Southern Kentucky Festival of Books. “The A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman.” C-Span Video Library. Audio file, 54:43. April 12, 2003. Accessed October 25, 2012.This video is a personal interview with Lt. Col. Charles W. Dryden at the Southern Kentucky Festival of Books full of information on first hand accounts and about the book A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman issued by C-SPAN. This will give great background information to his book and will help clear up any questions that might arise from the book itself.
"Interview with Lowell Steward and Colonel Gleed." Interview by Studs Terkel. Studs Terkel. Chicago History Museum, 2002. Web. 23 Nov. 2012.
This is an interview with Lowell Steward and Colonel Gleed, two African American Army Air Corps fighter pilots during World War II. It is a valuable primary source because it comes directly from a soldier that has had personal experiences with WWII.
The United States of America. Executive Branch. White House. Executive Order 8802. By Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington D.C.: White House, 1941.Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidenital Library and Museum. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/education/resources/pdfs/tusk_doc_b.pdf>.
This primary source states the executive order from FDR to allow African Americans in the military. It outlines specific rules as to how the African Americans should be treated once they are in the military. Emphasizes how big of a deal it was to allow African Americans in the military.
Dryden, Charles W., Lt. Col. A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997.This book provides first hand accounts of what it was like to be racially segregated, what it was like being a part of the Tuskegee Army Flying School, and what it was like being a part of the 99th Pursuit Squadron in the eyes of Lt. Col. Charles W. Dryden. This will be valuable in understanding what it was like throughout the entire process of being in a specialized unit before, during, and after the war.
Roosevelt, Eleanor, Cecil Peterson, and F.D. Patterson. “The Tuskegee Airmen and President Roosevelt.” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum-the Tuskegee Airmen. Last modified July 9, 2009. Accessed October 25, 2012. This website provides a primary view of letters written between Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Cecil Peterson, a Tuskegee airman, and F.D. Patterson, the President of the Tuskegee Institute. The letters show the support that Eleanor Roosevelt had for the institute, and her strong opposition to segregation within the military.
Southern Kentucky Festival of Books. “The A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman.” C-Span Video Library. Audio file, 54:43. April 12, 2003. Accessed October 25, 2012.This video is a personal interview with Lt. Col. Charles W. Dryden at the Southern Kentucky Festival of Books full of information on first hand accounts and about the book A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman issued by C-SPAN. This will give great background information to his book and will help clear up any questions that might arise from the book itself.
"Interview with Lowell Steward and Colonel Gleed." Interview by Studs Terkel. Studs Terkel. Chicago History Museum, 2002. Web. 23 Nov. 2012.
This is an interview with Lowell Steward and Colonel Gleed, two African American Army Air Corps fighter pilots during World War II. It is a valuable primary source because it comes directly from a soldier that has had personal experiences with WWII.
The United States of America. Executive Branch. White House. Executive Order 8802. By Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington D.C.: White House, 1941.Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidenital Library and Museum. National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/education/resources/pdfs/tusk_doc_b.pdf>.
This primary source states the executive order from FDR to allow African Americans in the military. It outlines specific rules as to how the African Americans should be treated once they are in the military. Emphasizes how big of a deal it was to allow African Americans in the military.
Secondary Sources
Morris, Robert. "Chapter 5: World War II: Tuskegee Airmen Soaring Above, 758th Tankers Rumbling Below." Trans. Array Black Faces of War: A Legacy of Honor from the American Revolution to Today. . 1st ed. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 2011. 78-89. Print. This book provides a history of the Tuskegee Airmen as well as images pertaining to the war. The chapters selected give not only the history of the airmen, but what it took to get to the point of desegregation within the military, especially through the importance of the Tuskegee Army Air Field.
"The Tuskegee Airmen: 5 Fascinating Facts." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 20 Jan 2012.
Harris, Dianne Suzette. Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, 2010. Print. This source provided information on the Tuskegee Airmen, as well as interesting/little known facts about the Airmen.
Homan, Lynn M., and Thomas Reilly. Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Gretna: Pelican, 2001. Print. A book that describes the Tuskegee airmen as protectors of the United States and heroes of the Civil Rights Movement. In addition, they paved the path for African Americans in the future military and society.
Francis, Charles E. The Tuskegee Airmen: the Men Who Changed a Nation. Boston, MA: Branden Pub., 1988. Print. In this book, Mr. Francis, who was a Lieutenant in the army air force and reserve, gives a clear view on how the leaders of the Tuskegee airmen came about. The book gives many of the different accomplishments that the Tuskegee pilots have overcome to their success along with their failures as well.
Gibran, Daniel K. The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001. Print. A book that tells about the Tuskegee Airmens' first combat assignments, which included ground strikes in the Italian campaign, including Sicily.
Bucholtz, Chris and Jim Laurier. 332nd Fighter Group – Tuskegee Airmen. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-044-7. This book descriptively tells about the history and other information of the famed 332nd fighter group.
Brooks, Gwendolyn. “Negro Hero.” The Essential. Ed. Elizabeth Alexander. Chicago: Literary CLassics of the United States, 2005. 16-17. Print. This book tells you the experiences of a black man that faces discrimination in the Deep South.
Francis, Charles, E. Tuskegee Airmen: The Men Who Changed a Nation. New York: Branden Publishing Co, 1993. A book that tells who the Tuskegee airmen fought racism at home for equal rights.
McKissack, Fredrick and McKissack, Pat. Red-tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Walker and Co, 1995. A book that descibes the Tuskegee airmen and their combat assignments.
Wright, Kai. "Chapter 6: Elanor's Niggers, World War II." Trans. Array Soldiers of Freedom: An Illustrated History of African Americans in the Armed Forces. . 1st ed. New York, NY: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2002. Print. A book that describes racism African Americans experienced, along with first hand accounts of airmen who survived the war.
"Role of Tuskegee Institute." Exhibitions - Tuskegee. National Park Service, 7 Apr. 2000. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airrole.htm>. This website provided a picture of Tuskegee airmen graduates.
Dryden, Charles W., Lt. Col. A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997. This text provides first hand war experiences, accounts and memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman, who was known among his peers as A-Train.
Homan, Lynn M., and Thomas Reilly. The Tuskegee Airmen. Charleston: Arcadia, 1998. Print. A story that precisely tells about the greatness of the Tuskegee airmen fighting overseas and at home.
Barnard, Anne. "Tuskegee Airmen Embrace Their Past." The New York Times [New York] 25 May 2009: n. pag. Print. A book about the Tuskegee airmen today and how the ones alive reflect on their past.
Moore, Jessie. “The Divided Skies: Establishing Segregated Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama”. The Journal of American History, no 1 (June 1993): 325-3256. Not only does this article discuss problems faced with African American pilots, but it also discusses problems faced with African Americans in general. This is a great source to use in my paper because it shows how segregation has inflicted African Americans with while training. This problem has caused many disputes between African American pilots, people, and the public eye. The only problem with this journal is that it does not stress the problems with the Tuskegee Airmen.
"World War Two - Causes." World War Two. Historyonthenet, 10 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2013.
This website was helpful because it gave necessary background on World War II. In order to convey the time period around the Tuskegee Airmen, it was vital to include the war in which they fought and how it began. This secondary source proved to show the causes of the war and how it came to conclusion.
Tuskegee Airmen Honored as Section of I-95 to Be Named Tuskegee Memorial Highway Read More: Union Daily Times - Tuskegee Airmen Honored as Section of I 95 to Be Named Tuskegee Memorial Highway. 2011. Photograph. Walterboro. Union Daily Times. 24 July 2011. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://uniondailytimes.com/bookmark/14713820-Tuskegee-Airmen-honored-as-section-of-I-95-to-be-named-Tuskegee-Memorial-Highway>.This picture captures Robert L. Brown and Sen. John W. Matthews at the Tuskegee Airmen monument site in Lowcountry Regional Airport in Walterboro.
McNamara, Melissa . "Tuskegee Airmen Facts." CBS Evening News. CBS, 29 Mar 2007. Web. 19 Mar 2014. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tuskegee-airmen-facts/>. This is a CBS news article on the Tuskegee airmen.
Haulman, Daniel. "Tuskegee Airmen." Encyclopedia of Alabama. Encyclopedia of Alabama, 3 Jul 2013. Web. 19 Mar 2014. <http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3154>. This useful encyclopedia entry was useful in the history of World War II.
"The Tuskegee Airmen--Overview." American Visionaries Tuskegee Airmen. National Park Service, 10 Apr 2000. Web. 28 Mar 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airoverview.htm>. This website provided me the inspiration for my thesis.
"Black History in Aviation." . American Airlines. Web. 29 Mar 2014. <http://www.blackhistoryinaviation.com/Eras/Separateandnotequal/1940s/TheTuskegeeAirmen.asp&xgt>. This website provides numerous paragraphs on aviation in black history.
"Truman Library - Executive Order 9981." Executive Order 9981. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 3 Feb 2013.
<http://www.trumanlibrary.org/9981.htm>. This website provides several links providing different information about Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order 9981. The website offers extensive information about the desegregation of the armed forces. It includes numerous primary sources, including a text version of the Executive Order itself.
"Airmen in Combat." American Visionaries: Tuskegee Airmen. National Park Service, 10 Apr. 2000. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/aircombat.htm>. This secondary source described the vigorous training the Tuskegee Airmen endured. It also mentioned many of their achievements throughout the course of their careers. The part was most helpful was how the source mentioned the still prevalent racism when they came home from the war.
Souza, Pete. Obamas Greet Tuskegee Airmen at “Red Tails” White House Screening. 2012. Photograph. Access Atlanta, Washington D.C. Access Atlanta. The Atlanta Journal Constitution, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://blogs.ajc.com/the-buzz/2012/01/17/obamas-greet-tuskegee-airmen-at-red-tails-white-house-screening/>.This picture presents the Obamas greeting the Tuskegee Airmen prior to a screening of “Red Tails” in the Family Theater of the White House.
Rosenthal, Joe. Flag Raising at Iwo Jima. 1945. Photograph. Iwo Jima. Famous World War Two Photographs. Acepilots.com. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://acepilots.com/ww2/pictures.html>.This is a secondary source of a the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima. The photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal is one of the most memorable pictures taken during World War II of American soldiers raising the American flag on Japanese soil that they had captured.
"Resurrecting Moton Field." Lone Star Flight Museum Online Gift Shop. N.p., 2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
<http://giftshop.lonestarflight.org/resurrectiinmotonfield.aspx>. This website helped us because it had a timeline that provided the basis for our information we included in all our slides.
"The Tuskegee Airmen." Tuskegee Airmen. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
< http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen.aspx>. This website contains a wealth of information and has a lot of different tabs with specific information on each topic.
“African-American troops.” Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press 2011, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2011.
This online reference included information about the history of African-Americans who served in the American military since the Revolutionary War time frame to the 21st century.
Watt, Donald Cameron, et al. “World War II (1939-1945).” The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University, 1999. Web. 28 Sept. 2011.
<http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-12671?rskey=H60r4Z&result=1>. This encyclopedia article included information about the history of WWII, as well as the part African Americans played in WWII.
Chen, Peter. The 332nd Squadron. 1941. Photograph. The United States Air Force, Tuskegee, Alabama. World War II Database. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. <http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=3732>.This primary source snapshots the 332nd fighter squadron about to go into action.
Labadie, Amanda. "OPPOSITION - TUSKEGEE AIRMEN VS SEGREGATION."TUSKEGEE AIRMEN VS SEGREGATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. <http://18288123.nhd.weebly.com/opposition.html>.This secondary source was useful because it provided a composition of different viewpoints. It also provided many direct quotes from people who opposed the Tuskegee Program at the time.
Hemmingway, Anthony, dir. Red Tails. Prod. George Lucas, and Dir. Aaron McGruder. Lucasfilms, 2012. Film. 5 Apr 2014. This movie provides a unique perspective of how one can view the heroics of the Tuskegee Airmen as well as it is a visual aid to the importance of the combat that the men underwent, regardless of racial bias. The movie is an accurate account of the dealing with the Tuskegee Airmen and and the impact they had on both the war and other groups.
Markowitz, Robert, dir. The Tuskegee Airmen. HBO, 1995. Film. A HBO film that shows the racial barries that the Tuskegee Airmen had to overcome during their time as pilots.
"In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated (clip)." YouTube. YouTube, 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTmheQd8UR8>. This youtube clip provided about racial segregation African Americans faced during the times of Jim Crow.
Roger McGrath. N.d. Photograph. 123people.com. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.This is a simple picture of one of the authors whom was quoted on our website.
"The Tuskegee Airmen: 5 Fascinating Facts." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 20 Jan 2012.
Harris, Dianne Suzette. Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, 2010. Print. This source provided information on the Tuskegee Airmen, as well as interesting/little known facts about the Airmen.
Homan, Lynn M., and Thomas Reilly. Black Knights: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen. Gretna: Pelican, 2001. Print. A book that describes the Tuskegee airmen as protectors of the United States and heroes of the Civil Rights Movement. In addition, they paved the path for African Americans in the future military and society.
Francis, Charles E. The Tuskegee Airmen: the Men Who Changed a Nation. Boston, MA: Branden Pub., 1988. Print. In this book, Mr. Francis, who was a Lieutenant in the army air force and reserve, gives a clear view on how the leaders of the Tuskegee airmen came about. The book gives many of the different accomplishments that the Tuskegee pilots have overcome to their success along with their failures as well.
Gibran, Daniel K. The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001. Print. A book that tells about the Tuskegee Airmens' first combat assignments, which included ground strikes in the Italian campaign, including Sicily.
Bucholtz, Chris and Jim Laurier. 332nd Fighter Group – Tuskegee Airmen. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-044-7. This book descriptively tells about the history and other information of the famed 332nd fighter group.
Brooks, Gwendolyn. “Negro Hero.” The Essential. Ed. Elizabeth Alexander. Chicago: Literary CLassics of the United States, 2005. 16-17. Print. This book tells you the experiences of a black man that faces discrimination in the Deep South.
Francis, Charles, E. Tuskegee Airmen: The Men Who Changed a Nation. New York: Branden Publishing Co, 1993. A book that tells who the Tuskegee airmen fought racism at home for equal rights.
McKissack, Fredrick and McKissack, Pat. Red-tail Angels: The Story of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Walker and Co, 1995. A book that descibes the Tuskegee airmen and their combat assignments.
Wright, Kai. "Chapter 6: Elanor's Niggers, World War II." Trans. Array Soldiers of Freedom: An Illustrated History of African Americans in the Armed Forces. . 1st ed. New York, NY: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2002. Print. A book that describes racism African Americans experienced, along with first hand accounts of airmen who survived the war.
"Role of Tuskegee Institute." Exhibitions - Tuskegee. National Park Service, 7 Apr. 2000. Web. 15 Feb. 2013.
<http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airrole.htm>. This website provided a picture of Tuskegee airmen graduates.
Dryden, Charles W., Lt. Col. A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997. This text provides first hand war experiences, accounts and memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman, who was known among his peers as A-Train.
Homan, Lynn M., and Thomas Reilly. The Tuskegee Airmen. Charleston: Arcadia, 1998. Print. A story that precisely tells about the greatness of the Tuskegee airmen fighting overseas and at home.
Barnard, Anne. "Tuskegee Airmen Embrace Their Past." The New York Times [New York] 25 May 2009: n. pag. Print. A book about the Tuskegee airmen today and how the ones alive reflect on their past.
Moore, Jessie. “The Divided Skies: Establishing Segregated Flight Training at Tuskegee, Alabama”. The Journal of American History, no 1 (June 1993): 325-3256. Not only does this article discuss problems faced with African American pilots, but it also discusses problems faced with African Americans in general. This is a great source to use in my paper because it shows how segregation has inflicted African Americans with while training. This problem has caused many disputes between African American pilots, people, and the public eye. The only problem with this journal is that it does not stress the problems with the Tuskegee Airmen.
"World War Two - Causes." World War Two. Historyonthenet, 10 Sept. 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2013.
This website was helpful because it gave necessary background on World War II. In order to convey the time period around the Tuskegee Airmen, it was vital to include the war in which they fought and how it began. This secondary source proved to show the causes of the war and how it came to conclusion.
Tuskegee Airmen Honored as Section of I-95 to Be Named Tuskegee Memorial Highway Read More: Union Daily Times - Tuskegee Airmen Honored as Section of I 95 to Be Named Tuskegee Memorial Highway. 2011. Photograph. Walterboro. Union Daily Times. 24 July 2011. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://uniondailytimes.com/bookmark/14713820-Tuskegee-Airmen-honored-as-section-of-I-95-to-be-named-Tuskegee-Memorial-Highway>.This picture captures Robert L. Brown and Sen. John W. Matthews at the Tuskegee Airmen monument site in Lowcountry Regional Airport in Walterboro.
McNamara, Melissa . "Tuskegee Airmen Facts." CBS Evening News. CBS, 29 Mar 2007. Web. 19 Mar 2014. <http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tuskegee-airmen-facts/>. This is a CBS news article on the Tuskegee airmen.
Haulman, Daniel. "Tuskegee Airmen." Encyclopedia of Alabama. Encyclopedia of Alabama, 3 Jul 2013. Web. 19 Mar 2014. <http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-3154>. This useful encyclopedia entry was useful in the history of World War II.
"The Tuskegee Airmen--Overview." American Visionaries Tuskegee Airmen. National Park Service, 10 Apr 2000. Web. 28 Mar 2014. <http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airoverview.htm>. This website provided me the inspiration for my thesis.
"Black History in Aviation." . American Airlines. Web. 29 Mar 2014. <http://www.blackhistoryinaviation.com/Eras/Separateandnotequal/1940s/TheTuskegeeAirmen.asp&xgt>. This website provides numerous paragraphs on aviation in black history.
"Truman Library - Executive Order 9981." Executive Order 9981. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 3 Feb 2013.
<http://www.trumanlibrary.org/9981.htm>. This website provides several links providing different information about Harry S. Truman’s Executive Order 9981. The website offers extensive information about the desegregation of the armed forces. It includes numerous primary sources, including a text version of the Executive Order itself.
"Airmen in Combat." American Visionaries: Tuskegee Airmen. National Park Service, 10 Apr. 2000. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/aircombat.htm>. This secondary source described the vigorous training the Tuskegee Airmen endured. It also mentioned many of their achievements throughout the course of their careers. The part was most helpful was how the source mentioned the still prevalent racism when they came home from the war.
Souza, Pete. Obamas Greet Tuskegee Airmen at “Red Tails” White House Screening. 2012. Photograph. Access Atlanta, Washington D.C. Access Atlanta. The Atlanta Journal Constitution, 17 Jan. 2012. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://blogs.ajc.com/the-buzz/2012/01/17/obamas-greet-tuskegee-airmen-at-red-tails-white-house-screening/>.This picture presents the Obamas greeting the Tuskegee Airmen prior to a screening of “Red Tails” in the Family Theater of the White House.
Rosenthal, Joe. Flag Raising at Iwo Jima. 1945. Photograph. Iwo Jima. Famous World War Two Photographs. Acepilots.com. Web. 01 Mar. 2013. <http://acepilots.com/ww2/pictures.html>.This is a secondary source of a the raising of the flag at Iwo Jima. The photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal is one of the most memorable pictures taken during World War II of American soldiers raising the American flag on Japanese soil that they had captured.
"Resurrecting Moton Field." Lone Star Flight Museum Online Gift Shop. N.p., 2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
<http://giftshop.lonestarflight.org/resurrectiinmotonfield.aspx>. This website helped us because it had a timeline that provided the basis for our information we included in all our slides.
"The Tuskegee Airmen." Tuskegee Airmen. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2013.
< http://www.tuskegee.edu/about_us/legacy_of_fame/tuskegee_airmen.aspx>. This website contains a wealth of information and has a lot of different tabs with specific information on each topic.
“African-American troops.” Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press 2011, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2011.
This online reference included information about the history of African-Americans who served in the American military since the Revolutionary War time frame to the 21st century.
Watt, Donald Cameron, et al. “World War II (1939-1945).” The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University, 1999. Web. 28 Sept. 2011.
<http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-12671?rskey=H60r4Z&result=1>. This encyclopedia article included information about the history of WWII, as well as the part African Americans played in WWII.
Chen, Peter. The 332nd Squadron. 1941. Photograph. The United States Air Force, Tuskegee, Alabama. World War II Database. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. <http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=3732>.This primary source snapshots the 332nd fighter squadron about to go into action.
Labadie, Amanda. "OPPOSITION - TUSKEGEE AIRMEN VS SEGREGATION."TUSKEGEE AIRMEN VS SEGREGATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2013. <http://18288123.nhd.weebly.com/opposition.html>.This secondary source was useful because it provided a composition of different viewpoints. It also provided many direct quotes from people who opposed the Tuskegee Program at the time.
Hemmingway, Anthony, dir. Red Tails. Prod. George Lucas, and Dir. Aaron McGruder. Lucasfilms, 2012. Film. 5 Apr 2014. This movie provides a unique perspective of how one can view the heroics of the Tuskegee Airmen as well as it is a visual aid to the importance of the combat that the men underwent, regardless of racial bias. The movie is an accurate account of the dealing with the Tuskegee Airmen and and the impact they had on both the war and other groups.
Markowitz, Robert, dir. The Tuskegee Airmen. HBO, 1995. Film. A HBO film that shows the racial barries that the Tuskegee Airmen had to overcome during their time as pilots.
"In the Land of Jim Crow: Growing Up Segregated (clip)." YouTube. YouTube, 30 Oct. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTmheQd8UR8>. This youtube clip provided about racial segregation African Americans faced during the times of Jim Crow.
Roger McGrath. N.d. Photograph. 123people.com. Web. 3 Feb. 2013.This is a simple picture of one of the authors whom was quoted on our website.